By the seventeenth century, episcopal martyrdom was an established reality and ideal throughout the Catholic church. Bishops could pay homage to the celebrated prelates of the early church who had gone bravely to their ...

In their drive to ‘sanctify’ the clergy, seventeenth-century French clerical reformers developed highly sophisticated and influential theologies of both priesthood and episcopacy. This article traces the development of the ...

Year after year Louis XIV's armies thrust through Brabant in the eastern part of the Spanish Netherlands, the biggest theatre of the Nine Years' War (1689-97). These thrusts followed the general line of the rivers Sambre ...

While the cultural trajectories of the Celtic language communities have some broad similarities in the long term, their histories in the medium term were quite different. The article approaches this issue through a comparative ...

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In the eulogy he delivered at Vincent de Paul's memorial service in November 1660, the bishop of Puy, Henri Maupas du Tour, praised his subject for having "virtually changed the face of the Church by Conferences, by ...

The history of the Irish language in nineteenth-century Australia, and of its use among Irish immigrants, is not very clear. On the one hand, Patrick O’Farrell has maintained that the Irish were overwhelmingly anglophone ...

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In September 1626, Vincent de Paul and three companions signed an act of association that described the common work that they had been performing over a period of several years and presented a promisE' from each man that ...