In purple acid phosphatase (PAP)-catalysed phosphate monoester hydrolysis, it is accepted that the ferric ion of the active site can mediate the reaction through Lewis acid activation of the substrate and through nucleophilic ...

Sialic acids are a family of 9 carbon α-keto acid monosaccharides. Owing to their terminal position on glycans, sialic acids are involved in cell adhesion and recognition events, host pathogen interactions, immune regulation ...

To protect the DNA against the constant assaults of endogenous and environmental agents, cells have developed conserved signaling pathways, known as the DNA damage response. Such responses are important to maintain genome ...

Conflicting demands of food over fuel and the mushrooming need for feed and fibre are serious challenges for humankind at a time when we also need to address climate change challenges. Global demands for land based commodities ...

Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species and permits flexibility and survival of a population in the face of changing environmental circumstances, diseases ...

Polyploidy, the presence of more than two sets of chromosomes in an organism, plays major roles in plant evolution, development and function. Understanding the effects of polyploidization at the phenotypic and molecular ...

The ability to experience pain is essential for survival, and to prevent potential tissue damage upon exposure to noxious stimuli. The periaqueductal grey - rostral ventromedial medulla – dorsal horn of the spinal cord ...

The EU protected Lusitanian slug species Geomalacus maculosus Allman (Gastropoda: Arionidae) is found only in northern Iberia and the west of Ireland. Once thought to inhabit undisturbed habitats such as blanket bogs and ...

During the nineteenth century, as the United States established itself as a nation and expanded its territory, the cultures of Native Americans and African Americans went through a period of profound change. The Lakota, a ...

The human gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) is an elaborate ecosystem specific to an individual and his physiological stage that involves inter- and intra-relationships between the bacteria composing the microbiota and between ...