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dc.contributor.authorPatridge, Eric V.
dc.contributor.authorEriksson, Emma S. E.
dc.contributor.authorPenketh, Philip G.
dc.contributor.authorBaumann, Raymond P.
dc.contributor.authorZhu, Rui
dc.contributor.authorShyam, Krishnamurthy
dc.contributor.authorEriksson, Leif A.
dc.contributor.authorSartorelli, Alan C.
dc.date.accessioned2018-09-20T16:21:16Z
dc.date.available2018-09-20T16:21:16Z
dc.date.issued2012-06-06
dc.identifier.citationPatridge, Eric V. Eriksson, Emma S. E.; Penketh, Philip G.; Baumann, Raymond P.; Zhu, Rui; Shyam, Krishnamurthy; Eriksson, Leif A.; Sartorelli, Alan C. (2012). 7-nitro-4-(phenylthio)benzofurazan is a potent generator of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Archives of Toxicology 86 (10), 1613-1625
dc.identifier.issn0340-5761,1432-0738
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10379/13426
dc.description.abstractHere, we report on 7-nitro-4-(phenylthio)benzofurazan (NBF-SPh), the most potent derivative among a set of patented anticancer 7-nitrobenzofurazans (NBFs), which have been suggested to function by perturbing protein-protein interactions. We demonstrate that NBF-SPh participates in toxic redox-cycling, rapidly generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of molecular oxygen, and this is the first report to detail ROS production for any of the anticancer NBFs. Oxygraph studies showed that NBF-SPh consumes molecular oxygen at a substantial rate, rivaling even plumbagin, menadione, and juglone. Biochemical and enzymatic assays identified superoxide and hydrogen peroxide as products of its redox-cycling activity, and the rapid rate of ROS production appears to be sufficient to account for some of the toxicity of NBF-SPh (LC50 = 12.1 mu M), possibly explaining why tumor cells exhibit a sharp threshold for tolerating the compound. In cell cultures, lipid peroxidation was enhanced after treatment with NBF-SPh, as measured by 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, indicating a significant accumulation of ROS. Thioglycerol rescued cell death and increased survival by 15-fold to 20-fold, but pyruvate and uric acid were ineffective protectants. We also observed that the redox-cycling activity of NBF-SPh became exhausted after an average of approximately 19 cycles per NBF-SPh molecule. Electrochemical and computational analyses suggest that partial reduction of NBF-SPh enhances electrophilicity, which appears to encourage scavenging activity and contribute to electrophilic toxicity.
dc.publisherSpringer Nature
dc.relation.ispartofArchives of Toxicology
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Ireland
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ie/
dc.subjectbenzofurazan
dc.subjectreactive oxygen species
dc.subjectoxidative stress
dc.subjectelectrochemistry
dc.subjectelectrophilic stress
dc.subjectperformance liquid-chromatography
dc.subjectimmunosuppressive drugs
dc.subjectfluorogenic reagent
dc.subjectescherichia-coli
dc.subjectcarboxylic-acids
dc.subjectreduction
dc.subjectoxygen
dc.subjectmechanism
dc.subjectbenzofurazans
dc.subjectinhibitors
dc.title7-nitro-4-(phenylthio)benzofurazan is a potent generator of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide
dc.typeArticle
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s00204-012-0872-9
dc.local.publishedsourcehttp://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3781597?pdf=render
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