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dc.contributor.authorChevallier, O. P.
dc.contributor.authorGraham, S. F.
dc.contributor.authorAlonso, E.
dc.contributor.authorDuffy, C.
dc.contributor.authorSilke, J.
dc.contributor.authorCampbell, K.
dc.contributor.authorBotana, L. M.
dc.contributor.authorElliott, C. T.
dc.date.accessioned2018-09-20T16:03:12Z
dc.date.available2018-09-20T16:03:12Z
dc.date.issued2015-04-30
dc.identifier.citationChevallier, O. P. Graham, S. F.; Alonso, E.; Duffy, C.; Silke, J.; Campbell, K.; Botana, L. M.; Elliott, C. T. (2015). New insights into the causes of human illness due to consumption of azaspiracid contaminated shellfish. Scientific Reports 5 ,
dc.identifier.issn2045-2322
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10379/10769
dc.description.abstractAzaspiracid (AZA) poisoning was unknown until 1995 when shellfish harvested in Ireland caused illness manifesting by vomiting and diarrhoea. Further in vivo/vitro studies showed neurotoxicity linked with AZA exposure. However, the biological target of the toxin which will help explain such potent neurological activity is still unknown. A region of Irish coastline was selected and shellfish were sampled and tested for AZA using mass spectrometry. An outbreak was identified in 2010 and samples collected before and after the contamination episode were compared for their metabolite profile using high resolution mass spectrometry. Twenty eight ions were identified at higher concentration in the contaminated samples. Stringent bioinformatic analysis revealed putative identifications for seven compounds including, glutarylcarnitine, a glutaric acid metabolite. Glutaric acid, the parent compound linked with human neurological manifestations was subjected to toxicological investigations but was found to have no specific effect on the sodium channel (as was the case with AZA). However in combination, glutaric acid (1mM) and azaspiracid (50nM) inhibited the activity of the sodium channel by over 50%. Glutaric acid was subsequently detected in all shellfish employed in the study. For the first time a viable mechanism for how AZA manifests itself as a toxin is presented.
dc.publisherSpringer Nature
dc.relation.ispartofScientific Reports
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Ireland
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ie/
dc.subjectin-vitro toxicity
dc.subjectaciduria type-i
dc.subjectglutaric acid
dc.subjectoxidative stress
dc.subjectgenus azadinium
dc.subjecttoxins
dc.subjectbrain
dc.subjectrats
dc.subjectcytotoxicity
dc.subjectinvolvement
dc.titleNew insights into the causes of human illness due to consumption of azaspiracid contaminated shellfish
dc.typeArticle
dc.identifier.doi10.1038/srep09818
dc.local.publishedsourcehttp://www.nature.com/articles/srep09818.pdf
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Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Ireland